spec.txt   spec.txt 
--- ---
标题: CommonMark 规范 标题: CommonMark 规范
作者 作者
- John MacFarlane - John MacFarlane
version: 0.12 version: 0.13
date: 2014-11-10 date: 2014-12-10
... ...
# 引言 # 引言
## 什么是 Markdown？ ## 什么是 Markdown？
Markdown 是一种用于编写结构化文档的纯文本格式， Markdown 是一种用于编写结构化文档的纯文本格式，
基于在电子邮件和 usenet 帖子中用于表示格式的约定。 基于在电子邮件和 usenet 帖子中用于表示格式的约定。
它由 John Gruber 于 2004 年开发，他编写了 它由 John Gruber 于 2004 年开发，他编写了
the first Markdown-to-HTML converter in perl, and it soon became the first Markdown-to-HTML converter in perl, and it soon became
skipping to change at line 173 skipping to change at line 173
a document that renders one way on one system (say, a github wiki) a document that renders one way on one system (say, a github wiki)
renders differently on another (say, converting to docbook using renders differently on another (say, converting to docbook using
pandoc). To make matters worse, because nothing in Markdown counts pandoc). To make matters worse, because nothing in Markdown counts
as a "syntax error," the divergence often isn't discovered right away. as a "syntax error," the divergence often isn't discovered right away.
## About this document ## About this document
This document attempts to specify Markdown syntax unambiguously. This document attempts to specify Markdown syntax unambiguously.
It contains many examples with side-by-side Markdown and It contains many examples with side-by-side Markdown and
HTML. These are intended to double as conformance tests. An HTML. These are intended to double as conformance tests. An
accompanying script `runtests.pl` can be used to run the tests accompanying script `spec_tests.py` can be used to run the tests
against any Markdown program against any Markdown program
perl runtests.pl spec.txt PROGRAM python test/spec_tests.py --spec spec.txt --program PROGRAM
Since this document describes how Markdown is to be parsed into Since this document describes how Markdown is to be parsed into
an abstract syntax tree, it would have made sense to use an abstract an abstract syntax tree, it would have made sense to use an abstract
representation of the syntax tree instead of HTML. But HTML is capable representation of the syntax tree instead of HTML. But HTML is capable
of representing the structural distinctions we need to make, and the of representing the structural distinctions we need to make, and the
choice of HTML for the tests makes it possible to run the tests against choice of HTML for the tests makes it possible to run the tests against
an implementation without writing an abstract syntax tree renderer. an implementation without writing an abstract syntax tree renderer.
This document is generated from a text file, `spec.txt`, written This document is generated from a text file, `spec.txt`, written
in Markdown with a small extension for the side-by-side tests. in Markdown with a small extension for the side-by-side tests.
skipping to change at line 226 skipping to change at line 226
<pre><code>a a <pre><code>a a
ὐ a ὐ a
</code></pre> </code></pre>
. .
行结束符会被替换为换行符 (LF)。 行结束符会被替换为换行符 (LF)。
A line containing no characters, or a line containing only spaces (after A line containing no characters, or a line containing only spaces (after
tab expansion), is called a [blank line](@blank-line). tab expansion), is called a [blank line](@blank-line).
出于安全原因，一个符合规范的解析器必须去除或替换
Unicode 字符 `U+0000`。
# 区块与行内元素 # 区块与行内元素
我们可以将文档视为一系列的 我们可以将文档视为一系列的
[块](@block)——结构性 [块](@block)——结构性
元素，如段落、块引用、 元素，如段落、块引用、
lists, headers, rules, and code blocks. Blocks can contain other lists, headers, rules, and code blocks. Blocks can contain other
blocks, or they can contain [inline](@inline) content blocks, or they can contain [inline](@inline) content
words, spaces, links, emphasized text, images, and inline code. words, spaces, links, emphasized text, images, and inline code.
## Precedence ## Precedence
skipping to change at line 471 skipping to change at line 474
. .
如果你想在列表项中使用水平分割线，请使用不同的项目符号 如果你想在列表项中使用水平分割线，请使用不同的项目符号
. .
- Foo - Foo
- * * * - * * *
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li>Foo</li> <li>Foo</li>
<li><hr /></li> <li>
<hr />
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
## ATX 标题 ## ATX 标题
一个 [ATX 标题](@atx-header) 一个 [ATX 标题](@atx-header)
由一串字符组成，被解析为行内内容，位于 由一串字符组成，被解析为行内内容，位于
起始的 1--6 个未转义的 `#` 字符和一个可选的 起始的 1--6 个未转义的 `#` 字符和一个可选的
结尾的任意数量的 `#` 字符之间。起始序列 结尾的任意数量的 `#` 字符之间。起始序列
of `#` characters cannot be followed directly by a nonspace character. of `#` characters cannot be followed directly by a nonspace character.
skipping to change at line 2516 skipping to change at line 2521
. .
1. A paragraph 1. A paragraph
with two lines. with two lines.
indented code indented code
> A block quote. > A block quote.
. .
<ol> <ol>
<li><p>A paragraph <li>
<p>A paragraph
with two lines.</p> with two lines.</p>
<pre><code>indented code <pre><code>indented code
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<p>A block quote.</p> <p>A block quote.</p>
</blockquote></li> </blockquote>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
. .
The most important thing to notice is that the position of The most important thing to notice is that the position of
the text after the list marker determines how much indentation the text after the list marker determines how much indentation
is needed in subsequent blocks in the list item. If the list is needed in subsequent blocks in the list item. If the list
marker takes up two spaces, and there are three spaces between marker takes up two spaces, and there are three spaces between
the list marker and the next nonspace character, then blocks the list marker and the next nonspace character, then blocks
must be indented five spaces in order to fall under the list must be indented five spaces in order to fall under the list
item. item.
skipping to change at line 2554 skipping to change at line 2561
</ul> </ul>
<p>two</p> <p>two</p>
. .
. .
- one - one
two two
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>one</p> <li>
<p>two</p></li> <p>one</p>
<p>two</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
. .
- one - one
two two
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li>one</li> <li>one</li>
skipping to change at line 2577 skipping to change at line 2586
<pre><code> two <pre><code> two
</code></pre> </code></pre>
. .
. .
- one - one
two two
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>one</p> <li>
<p>two</p></li> <p>one</p>
<p>two</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
It is tempting to think of this in terms of columns: the continuation It is tempting to think of this in terms of columns: the continuation
blocks must be indented at least to the column of the first nonspace blocks must be indented at least to the column of the first nonspace
character after the list marker. However, that is not quite right. character after the list marker. However, that is not quite right.
The spaces after the list marker determine how much relative indentation The spaces after the list marker determine how much relative indentation
is needed. Which column this indentation reaches will depend on is needed. Which column this indentation reaches will depend on
how the list item is embedded in other constructions, as shown by how the list item is embedded in other constructions, as shown by
this example this example
. .
> > 1. one > > 1. one
>> >>
>> two >> two
. .
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<ol> <ol>
<li><p>one</p> <li>
<p>two</p></li> <p>one</p>
<p>two</p>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
</blockquote> </blockquote>
</blockquote> </blockquote>
. .
Here `two` occurs in the same column as the list marker `1.`, Here `two` occurs in the same column as the list marker `1.`,
but is actually contained in the list item, because there is but is actually contained in the list item, because there is
sufficent indentation after the last containing blockquote marker. sufficent indentation after the last containing blockquote marker.
The converse is also possible. In the following example, the word `two` The converse is also possible. In the following example, the word `two`
skipping to change at line 2649 skipping to change at line 2662
bar bar
- ``` - ```
foo foo
bar bar
``` ```
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>foo</p> <li>
<p>bar</p></li> <p>foo</p>
<li><p>foo</p></li> <p>bar</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>foo</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
<p>bar</p> <p>bar</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li><pre><code>foo <li>
<pre><code>foo
bar bar
</code></pre></li> </code></pre>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
列表项可以包含任何类型的块 列表项可以包含任何类型的块
. .
1. foo 1. foo
``` ```
bar bar
``` ```
baz baz
> bam > bam
. .
<ol> <ol>
<li><p>foo</p> <li>
<p>foo</p>
<pre><code>bar <pre><code>bar
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>baz</p> <p>baz</p>
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<p>bam</p> <p>bam</p>
</blockquote></li> </blockquote>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
. .
2. **Item starting with indented code.** If a sequence of lines *Ls* 2. **Item starting with indented code.** If a sequence of lines *Ls*
constitute a sequence of blocks *Bs* starting with an indented code constitute a sequence of blocks *Bs* starting with an indented code
块，且彼此之间没有被超过一个空行隔开， 块，且彼此之间没有被超过一个空行隔开，
and *M* is a list marker *M* of width *W* followed by and *M* is a list marker *M* of width *W* followed by
一个空格，则预置*M*和其后的 一个空格，则预置*M*和其后的
space to the first line of *Ls*, and indenting subsequent lines of space to the first line of *Ls*, and indenting subsequent lines of
*Ls* by *W + 1* spaces, is a list item with *Bs* as its contents. *Ls* by *W + 1* spaces, is a list item with *Bs* as its contents.
skipping to change at line 2708 skipping to change at line 2729
一个缩进的代码块需要比段落多缩进四个空格。 一个缩进的代码块需要比段落多缩进四个空格。
the edge of the region where text will be included in the list item. the edge of the region where text will be included in the list item.
In the following case that is 6 spaces In the following case that is 6 spaces
. .
- foo - foo
bar bar
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>foo</p> <li>
<p>foo</p>
<pre><code>bar <pre><code>bar
</code></pre></li> </code></pre>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
在这种情况下为 11 个空格 在这种情况下为 11 个空格
. .
10. foo 10. foo
bar bar
. .
<ol start="10"> <ol start="10">
<li><p>foo</p> <li>
<p>foo</p>
<pre><code>bar <pre><code>bar
</code></pre></li> </code></pre>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
. .
If the *first* block in the list item is an indented code block, If the *first* block in the list item is an indented code block,
then by rule #2, the contents must be indented *one* space after the then by rule #2, the contents must be indented *one* space after the
list marker list marker
. .
indented code indented code
skipping to change at line 2754 skipping to change at line 2779
. .
. .
1. indented code 1. indented code
paragraph paragraph
more code more code
. .
<ol> <ol>
<li><pre><code>indented code <li>
<pre><code>indented code
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>paragraph</p> <p>paragraph</p>
<pre><code>more code <pre><code>more code
</code></pre></li> </code></pre>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
. .
Note that an additional space indent is interpreted as space Note that an additional space indent is interpreted as space
inside the code block inside the code block
. .
1. indented code 1. indented code
paragraph paragraph
more code more code
. .
<ol> <ol>
<li><pre><code> indented code <li>
<pre><code> indented code
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<p>paragraph</p> <p>paragraph</p>
<pre><code>more code <pre><code>more code
</code></pre></li> </code></pre>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
. .
Note that rules #1 and #2 only apply to two cases: (a) cases Note that rules #1 and #2 only apply to two cases: (a) cases
in which the lines to be included in a list item begin with a nonspace in which the lines to be included in a list item begin with a nonspace
character, and (b) cases in which they begin with an indented code character, and (b) cases in which they begin with an indented code
block. In a case like the following, where the first block begins with block. In a case like the following, where the first block begins with
a three-space indent, the rules do not allow us to form a list item by a three-space indent, the rules do not allow us to form a list item by
indenting the whole thing and prepending a list marker indenting the whole thing and prepending a list marker
skipping to change at line 2819 skipping to change at line 2848
with 1-3 spaces indent, the indentation can always be removed without with 1-3 spaces indent, the indentation can always be removed without
a change in interpretation, allowing rule #1 to be applied. So, in a change in interpretation, allowing rule #1 to be applied. So, in
the above case the above case
. .
- foo - foo
bar bar
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>foo</p> <li>
<p>bar</p></li> <p>foo</p>
<p>bar</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
3. **Indentation.** If a sequence of lines *Ls* constitutes a list item 3. **Indentation.** If a sequence of lines *Ls* constitutes a list item
according to rule #1 or #2, then the result of indenting each line according to rule #1 or #2, then the result of indenting each line
of *L* by 1-3 spaces (the same for each line) also constitutes a of *L* by 1-3 spaces (the same for each line) also constitutes a
list item with the same contents and attributes. If a line is list item with the same contents and attributes. If a line is
empty, then it need not be indented. empty, then it need not be indented.
缩进一个空格 缩进一个空格
. .
1. A paragraph 1. A paragraph
with two lines. with two lines.
indented code indented code
> A block quote. > A block quote.
. .
<ol> <ol>
<li><p>A paragraph <li>
<p>A paragraph
with two lines.</p> with two lines.</p>
<pre><code>indented code <pre><code>indented code
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<p>A block quote.</p> <p>A block quote.</p>
</blockquote></li> </blockquote>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
. .
缩进两个空格 缩进两个空格
. .
1. A paragraph 1. A paragraph
with two lines. with two lines.
indented code indented code
> A block quote. > A block quote.
. .
<ol> <ol>
<li><p>A paragraph <li>
<p>A paragraph
with two lines.</p> with two lines.</p>
<pre><code>indented code <pre><code>indented code
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<p>A block quote.</p> <p>A block quote.</p>
</blockquote></li> </blockquote>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
. .
缩进三个空格 缩进三个空格
. .
1. A paragraph 1. A paragraph
with two lines. with two lines.
indented code indented code
> A block quote. > A block quote.
. .
<ol> <ol>
<li><p>A paragraph <li>
<p>A paragraph
with two lines.</p> with two lines.</p>
<pre><code>indented code <pre><code>indented code
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<p>A block quote.</p> <p>A block quote.</p>
</blockquote></li> </blockquote>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
. .
四个空格缩进产生一个代码块 四个空格缩进产生一个代码块
. .
1. A paragraph 1. A paragraph
with two lines. with two lines.
indented code indented code
skipping to change at line 2933 skipping to change at line 2970
. .
1. A paragraph 1. A paragraph
with two lines. with two lines.
indented code indented code
> A block quote. > A block quote.
. .
<ol> <ol>
<li><p>A paragraph <li>
<p>A paragraph
with two lines.</p> with two lines.</p>
<pre><code>indented code <pre><code>indented code
</code></pre> </code></pre>
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<p>A block quote.</p> <p>A block quote.</p>
</blockquote></li> </blockquote>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
. .
缩进可以被部分删除 缩进可以被部分删除
. .
1. A paragraph 1. A paragraph
with two lines. with two lines.
. .
<ol> <ol>
skipping to change at line 2963 skipping to change at line 3002
. .
这些示例显示了惰性匹配如何在嵌套结构中工作 这些示例显示了惰性匹配如何在嵌套结构中工作
. .
> 1. > Blockquote > 1. > Blockquote
continued here. continued here.
. .
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<ol> <ol>
<li><blockquote> <li>
<blockquote>
<p>Blockquote <p>Blockquote
在此处继续。</p> 在此处继续。</p>
</blockquote></li> </blockquote>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
</blockquote> </blockquote>
. .
. .
> 1. > Blockquote > 1. > Blockquote
> continued here. > continued here.
. .
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<ol> <ol>
<li><blockquote> <li>
<blockquote>
<p>Blockquote <p>Blockquote
在此处继续。</p> 在此处继续。</p>
</blockquote></li> </blockquote>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
</blockquote> </blockquote>
. .
5. **That's all.** Nothing that is not counted as a list item by rules 5. **That's all.** Nothing that is not counted as a list item by rules
#1--4 counts as a [list item](#list-item). #1--4 counts as a [list item](#list-item).
The rules for sublists follow from the general rules above. A sublist The rules for sublists follow from the general rules above. A sublist
must be indented the same number of spaces a paragraph would need to be must be indented the same number of spaces a paragraph would need to be
in order to be included in the list item. in order to be included in the list item.
skipping to change at line 3005 skipping to change at line 3048
- foo - foo
- bar - bar
- baz - baz
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li>foo <li>foo
<ul> <ul>
<li>bar <li>bar
<ul> <ul>
<li>baz</li> <li>baz</li>
</ul></li> </ul>
</ul></li> </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
一个空格是不够的 一个空格是不够的
. .
- foo - foo
- bar - bar
- baz - baz
. .
skipping to change at line 3034 skipping to change at line 3079
这里我们需要四个，因为列表标记更宽 这里我们需要四个，因为列表标记更宽
. .
10) foo 10) foo
- bar - bar
. .
<ol start="10"> <ol start="10">
<li>foo <li>foo
<ul> <ul>
<li>bar</li> <li>bar</li>
</ul></li> </ul>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
. .
三个空格是不够的 三个空格是不够的
. .
10) foo 10) foo
- bar - bar
. .
<ol start="10"> <ol start="10">
skipping to change at line 3058 skipping to change at line 3104
<li>bar</li> <li>bar</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
列表可以是列表项中的第一个块 列表可以是列表项中的第一个块
. .
- - foo - - foo
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><ul> <li>
<ul>
<li>foo</li> <li>foo</li>
</ul></li> </ul>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
. .
1. - 2. foo 1. - 2. foo
. .
<ol> <ol>
<li><ul> <li>
<li><ol start="2"> <ul>
<li>
<ol start="2">
<li>foo</li> <li>foo</li>
</ol></li> </ol>
</ul></li> </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol> </ol>
. .
列表项可以为空 列表项可以为空
. .
- foo - foo
- -
- bar - bar
. .
skipping to change at line 3107 skipping to change at line 3159
列表项可以包含标题 列表项可以包含标题
. .
- # Foo - # Foo
- Bar - Bar
--- ---
baz baz
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><h1>Foo</h1></li> <li>
<li><h2>Bar</h2> <h1>Foo</h1>
<p>baz</p></li> </li>
<li>
<h2>Bar</h2>
baz</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
### Motivation ### Motivation
John Gruber 的 Markdown 规范中关于列表项的描述如下： John Gruber 的 Markdown 规范中关于列表项的描述如下：
1. "List markers typically start at the left margin, but may be indented 1. "List markers typically start at the left margin, but may be indented
by up to three spaces. List markers must be followed by one or more by up to three spaces. List markers must be followed by one or more
spaces or a tab." spaces or a tab."
skipping to change at line 3204 skipping to change at line 3259
<p>bar</p> <p>bar</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li>baz</li> <li>baz</li>
</ul> </ul>
``` ```
如四空格规则所要求的那样，而不是一个单一的列表，这非常不直观。 如四空格规则所要求的那样，而不是一个单一的列表，这非常不直观。
``` html ``` html
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>foo</p> <li>
<p>foo</p>
<p>bar</p> <p>bar</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li>baz</li> <li>baz</li>
</ul></li> </ul>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
``` ```
The choice of four spaces is arbitrary. It can be learned, but it is The choice of four spaces is arbitrary. It can be learned, but it is
not likely to be guessed, and it trips up beginners regularly. not likely to be guessed, and it trips up beginners regularly.
Would it help to adopt a two-space rule? The problem is that such Would it help to adopt a two-space rule? The problem is that such
a rule, together with the rule allowing 1--3 spaces indentation of the a rule, together with the rule allowing 1--3 spaces indentation of the
initial list marker, allows text that is indented *less than* the initial list marker, allows text that is indented *less than* the
original list marker to be included in the list item. For example, original list marker to be included in the list item. For example,
skipping to change at line 3231 skipping to change at line 3288
``` markdown ``` markdown
- one - one
two two
``` ```
as a single list item, with `two` a continuation paragraph as a single list item, with `two` a continuation paragraph
``` html ``` html
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>one</p> <li>
<p>two</p></li> <p>one</p>
<p>two</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
``` ```
同样 同样
``` markdown ``` markdown
> - one > - one
> >
> two > two
``` ```
作为 作为
``` html ``` html
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>one</p> <li>
<p>two</p></li> <p>one</p>
<p>two</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
</blockquote> </blockquote>
``` ```
这是极其不直观的。 这是极其不直观的。
Rather than requiring a fixed indent from the margin, we could require Rather than requiring a fixed indent from the margin, we could require
a fixed indent (say, two spaces, or even one space) from the list marker (which a fixed indent (say, two spaces, or even one space) from the list marker (which
may itself be indented). This proposal would remove the last anomaly may itself be indented). This proposal would remove the last anomaly
discussed. Unlike the spec presented above, it would count the following discussed. Unlike the spec presented above, it would count the following
skipping to change at line 3447 skipping to change at line 3508
a list a list
. .
- foo - foo
- bar - bar
- baz - baz
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>foo</p></li> <li>
<li><p>bar</p></li> <p>foo</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>bar</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
<ul> <ul>
<li>baz</li> <li>baz</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
As illustrated above in the section on [list items](#list-item), As illustrated above in the section on [list items](#list-item),
two blank lines between blocks *within* a list item will also end a two blank lines between blocks *within* a list item will also end a
list list
skipping to change at line 3489 skipping to change at line 3554
- baz - baz
bim bim
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li>foo <li>foo
<ul> <ul>
<li>bar <li>bar
<ul> <ul>
<li>baz</li> <li>baz</li>
</ul></li> </ul>
</ul></li> </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
<pre><code> bim <pre><code> bim
</code></pre> </code></pre>
. .
Thus, two blank lines can be used to separate consecutive lists of Thus, two blank lines can be used to separate consecutive lists of
the same type, or to separate a list from an indented code block the same type, or to separate a list from an indented code block
that would otherwise be parsed as a subparagraph of the final list that would otherwise be parsed as a subparagraph of the final list
item item
skipping to change at line 3528 skipping to change at line 3595
. .
- foo - foo
notcode notcode
- foo - foo
code code
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>foo</p> <li>
<p>notcode</p></li> <p>foo</p>
<li><p>foo</p></li> <p>notcode</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>foo</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
<pre><code>code <pre><code>code
</code></pre> </code></pre>
. .
列表项不需要缩进到相同的级别。以下 列表项不需要缩进到相同的级别。以下
列表项将被视为同一列表级别的项目， 列表项将被视为同一列表级别的项目，
因为没有一个缩进足够深以属于前一个列表 因为没有一个缩进足够深以属于前一个列表
item item
skipping to change at line 3571 skipping to change at line 3642
这是一个松散的列表，因为在两个列表项之间有一个空行 这是一个松散的列表，因为在两个列表项之间有一个空行
两个列表项 两个列表项
. .
- a - a
- b - b
- c - c
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>a</p></li> <li>
<li><p>b</p></li> <p>a</p>
<li><p>c</p></li> </li>
<li>
<p>b</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>c</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
这也是，第二个项为空 这也是，第二个项为空
. .
* a * a
* *
* c * c
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>a</p></li> <li>
<p>a</p>
</li>
<li></li> <li></li>
<li><p>c</p></li> <li>
<p>c</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
These are loose lists, even though there is no space between the items, These are loose lists, even though there is no space between the items,
because one of the items directly contains two block-level elements because one of the items directly contains two block-level elements
with a blank line between them with a blank line between them
. .
- a - a
- b - b
c c
- d - d
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>a</p></li> <li>
<li><p>b</p> <p>a</p>
<p>c</p></li> </li>
<li><p>d</p></li> <li>
<p>b</p>
<p>c</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>d</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
. .
- a - a
- b - b
[ref]: /url [ref]: /url
- d - d
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>a</p></li> <li>
<li><p>b</p></li> <p>a</p>
<li><p>d</p></li> </li>
<li>
<p>b</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>d</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
这是一个紧凑列表，因为空行在代码块中 这是一个紧凑列表，因为空行在代码块中
. .
- a - a
- ``` - ```
b b
``` ```
- c - c
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li>a</li> <li>a</li>
<li><pre><code>b <li>
<pre><code>b
</code></pre></li> </code></pre>
</li>
<li>c</li> <li>c</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
This is a tight list, because the blank line is between two This is a tight list, because the blank line is between two
paragraphs of a sublist. So the sublist is loose while paragraphs of a sublist. So the sublist is loose while
the outer list is tight the outer list is tight
. .
- a - a
- b - b
c c
- d - d
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li>a <li>a
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>b</p> <li>
<p>c</p></li> <p>b</p>
</ul></li> <p>c</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>d</li> <li>d</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
This is a tight list, because the blank line is inside the This is a tight list, because the blank line is inside the
block quote block quote
. .
* a * a
> b > b
> >
* c * c
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li>a <li>a
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<p>b</p> <p>b</p>
</blockquote></li> </blockquote>
</li>
<li>c</li> <li>c</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
This list is tight, because the consecutive block elements This list is tight, because the consecutive block elements
are not separated by blank lines are not separated by blank lines
. .
- a - a
> b > b
skipping to change at line 3700 skipping to change at line 3799
c c
``` ```
- d - d
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li>a <li>a
<blockquote> <blockquote>
<p>b</p> <p>b</p>
</blockquote> </blockquote>
<pre><code>c <pre><code>c
</code></pre></li> </code></pre>
</li>
<li>d</li> <li>d</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
单段落列表是紧凑的 单段落列表是紧凑的
. .
- a - a
. .
<ul> <ul>
skipping to change at line 3723 skipping to change at line 3823
. .
. .
- a - a
- b - b
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li>a <li>a
<ul> <ul>
<li>b</li> <li>b</li>
</ul></li> </ul>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
这里外部列表是松散的，内部列表是紧凑的 这里外部列表是松散的，内部列表是紧凑的
. .
* foo * foo
* bar * bar
baz baz
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>foo</p> <li>
<p>foo</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li>bar</li> <li>bar</li>
</ul> </ul>
<p>baz</p></li> <p>baz</p>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
. .
- a - a
- b - b
- c - c
- d - d
- e - e
- f - f
. .
<ul> <ul>
<li><p>a</p> <li>
<p>a</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li>b</li> <li>b</li>
<li>c</li> <li>c</li>
</ul></li> </ul>
<li><p>d</p> </li>
<li>
<p>d</p>
<ul> <ul>
<li>e</li> <li>e</li>
<li>f</li> <li>f</li>
</ul></li> </ul>
</li>
</ul> </ul>
. .
# Inlines # Inlines
Inlines are parsed sequentially from the beginning of the character Inlines are parsed sequentially from the beginning of the character
stream to the end (left to right, in left-to-right languages). stream to the end (left to right, in left-to-right languages).
Thus, for example, in Thus, for example, in
. .
skipping to change at line 5766 skipping to change at line 5873
链接标签不区分大小写。 链接标签不区分大小写。
. .
[Foo] [Foo]
[foo]: /url "title" [foo]: /url "title"
. .
<p><a href="/url" title="title">Foo</a></p> <p><a href="/url" title="title">Foo</a></p>
. .
链接文本后的空格应予以保留。
.
[foo] bar
[foo]: /url
.
<p><a href="/url">foo</a> bar</p>
.
If you just want bracketed text, you can backslash-escape the If you just want bracketed text, you can backslash-escape the
opening bracket to avoid links opening bracket to avoid links
. .
\[foo] \[foo]
[foo]: /url "title" [foo]: /url "title"
. .
<p>[foo]</p> <p>[foo]</p>
. .
skipping to change at line 6600 skipping to change at line 6717
<p>foo <p>foo
baz</p> baz</p>
. .
A conforming parser may render a soft line break in HTML either as a A conforming parser may render a soft line break in HTML either as a
line break or as a space. line break or as a space.
A renderer may also provide an option to render soft line breaks A renderer may also provide an option to render soft line breaks
as hard line breaks. as hard line breaks.
## Strings ## Textual content
Any characters not given an interpretation by the above rules will Any characters not given an interpretation by the above rules will
be parsed as string content. be parsed as plain textual content.
. .
hello $.;'there hello $.;'there
. .
<p>hello $.;'there</p> <p>hello $.;'there</p>
. .
. .
Foo χρῆν Foo χρῆν
. .
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